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The effect of shade tree species on bird communities in central Kenyan coffee farms
- DEVEN KAMMERICHS-BERKE, FANTER J. LANE, FRANK JUMA ONG’ONDO, EDSON M. MLAMBA, WILLIAM T. BEAN, JULIE A. JEDLICKA, PETER NJOROGE, MATTHEW D. JOHNSON
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- Bird Conservation International / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / December 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 June 2022, pp. 655-673
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Shade coffee is a well-studied cultivation strategy that creates habitat for tropical birds while also maintaining agricultural yield. Although there is a general consensus that shade coffee is more “bird-friendly” than a sun coffee monoculture, little work has investigated the effects of specific shade tree species on insectivorous bird diversity. This study involved avian foraging observations, mist-netting data, temperature loggers, and arthropod sampling to investigate bottom-up effects of two shade tree taxa - native Cordia sp. and introduced Grevillea robusta - on insectivorous bird communities in central Kenya. Results indicate that foliage-dwelling arthropod abundance, and the richness and overall abundance of foraging birds were all higher on Cordia than on Grevillea. Furthermore, multivariate analyses of the bird community indicate a significant difference in community composition between the canopies of the two tree species, though the communities of birds using the coffee understorey under these shade trees were similar. In addition, both shade trees buffered temperatures in coffee, and temperatures under Cordia were marginally cooler than under Grevillea. These results suggest that native Cordia trees on East African shade coffee farms may be better at mitigating habitat loss and attracting insectivorous birds that could promote ecosystem services. Identifying differences in prey abundance and preferences in bird foraging behaviour not only fills basic gaps in our understanding of the ecology of East African coffee farms, it also aids in developing region-specific information to optimize functional diversity, ecosystem services, and the conservation of birds in agricultural landscapes.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Weeds and Weed Control in Coffee
- J. M. Njoroge
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- Experimental Agriculture / Volume 30 / Issue 4 / October 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 October 2008, pp. 421-429
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The effects of weeds on coffee productivity and the methods used for their control are discussed. The more common weeds are listed, together with the control methods that can be used at various phases of coffee production.
Malezas y control de las mismas en el café
Influence of Tree Training and Plant Density on Yields of an Improved Cultivar of Coffea arabica
- J. M. Njoroge, J. K. Kimemia
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- Experimental Agriculture / Volume 30 / Issue 1 / January 1994
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- 03 October 2008, pp. 89-94
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The effect on Coffea arabica cv. Ruiru 11 of training the trees on a single or two stem system at planting densities of between 1600 and 4800 trees ha−1 during the first production cycle after establishment was studied at three contrasting sites in Kenya. Training tree growth in the two stem system significantly depressed yields from the first two crops at all sites, irrespective of plant density, but yields caught up with the production levels of the single stem system faster in the wetter than in the drier zone. Yields of clean coffee increased with tree density up to 4000 trees ha−1 at all sites, irrespective of tree training method, but increased more slowly at populations of more than 4000 trees ha−1, especially in the drier zone. The proportion of large, grade A, coffee beans was not significantly influenced by the treatments studied.
Effects of Intercropping Young Plants of the Compact Arabica Coffee Hybrid Cultivar Ruiru 11 with Potatoes, Tomatoes, Beans and Maize on Coffee Yields and Economic Returns in Kenya
- J. M. Njoroge, K. Waithaka, J. A. Chweya
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- Experimental Agriculture / Volume 29 / Issue 3 / July 1993
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- 03 October 2008, pp. 373-377
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The effects of intercropping young plants of the compact arabica coffee hybrid cultivar Ruiru 11 with potatoes, tomatoes, maize and Phaseolus (dry) beans were studied between 1987 and 1989 at Ruiru in Kenya. Yields of clean (hulled) coffee were reduced by the maize intercrop by 59–100%. Coffee bean size, and raw, roast and liquor quality were not significantly affected by the potato, tomato and bean intercrops, which gave positive net economic benefits. Potatoes planted between all the coffee rows gave the largest marginal rate of economic return, followed by tomatoes in combination with beans. The technically and economically viable intercrops for coffee were potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and tomatoes in combination with beans.
Siembra simultánea de café Araébica y cultivos para la alimentatión
Effects on the Yield and Growth of a Young Compact Arabica Coffee Hybrid of Intercropping with Food Crops in Three Agro-ecozones in Kenya
- J. M. Njoroge, J. K. Kimemia
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- Experimental Agriculture / Volume 31 / Issue 1 / January 1995
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- 03 October 2008, pp. 49-55
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The intercropping of a young compact Arabica coffee hybrid with food crops was studied in three coffee growing areas in Kenya. Intercropping with Irish potatoes, dry beans, tomatoes, cabbages, kale, carrots, finger millet, sorghum or soyabeans was feasible in suitable coffee ecological zones. Intercropping with maize or sweet potatoes was not feasible because of their adverse effects on coffee growth in the early stages of coffee establishment, which led to substantial reductions in coffee yield.
Siembra simultánea de café arábica con cultivos de comestibles
Evaluation of Methods of Replacing Established Uncapped Arabica Coffee With a New Improved Cultivar
- J. M. Njoroge, J. K. Kimemia, A. M. Karanja
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- Experimental Agriculture / Volume 30 / Issue 2 / April 1994
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- 03 October 2008, pp. 217-221
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An evaluation of methods for replacing established uncapped, multiple stem, arabica coffee cv. French Mission with cv. Ruiru 11 arabica hybrid in the field was carried out at Ruiru, Kenya. When Ruiru 11 was raised on a single stem using the hedgerow system, a mixed stand of Ruiru 11 and French Mission gave the largest mean yields of clean coffee. The next largest yields were obtained by the complete replacement of French Mission with Ruiru 11 grown at a spacing of 2 × 1.5 m and trained on a single stem system. However, in economic terms, replacing the established coffee partially or sequentially with Ruiru 11 trained on a single stem proved to be the best method.
Métodos de reemplazo de café
Larval critical weight, pupation and adult fecundity in the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): An index of quality
- J. P. R. Ochieng'-Odero, A. M. Mzingirwa, P. E. W. Njoroge, M. D. O. Bungu, D. M. Munyinyi, F. O. Onyango
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- Journal:
- Insect Science and Its Application / Volume 15 / Issue 2 / April 1994
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- 19 September 2011, pp. 123-127
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- April 1994
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The larval critical weight (Lcw) in the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was 54.6 ± 1.0 mg for average sized male and female final instar larvae and was 63 and 39% of the larval maximum weight (Lmw) of males and females, respectively. There was a consistent decrease in weight from Lmw to pupal weight of 35% in both males and females over successive generations of rearing two laboratory populations. The adult weight was consistently about 37 and 22% lower than the pupal weight for males and females, respectively. During starvation, 25% of the final instar larvae produced a supernumerary moult. A positive correlation was derived between female pupal weight and fecundity. The results were similar to those derived from a study on the progeny of a wild population. A model representing the various fresh weight changes in relation to the Lmw has been suggested for this species. The model is similar to that proposed for other Lepidoptera. The results of this study are largely consistent with those carried out on other species of Lepidoptera and underline the value of using stable standards in assessing the quality of laboratory reared insects.
A new 6a-hydroxypterocarpan with insect antifeedant and antifungal properties from the roots of Tephrosia hildebrandtii vatke
- W. Lwande, A. Hassanali, P. W. Njoroge, M. D. Bentley, F. Delle Monache, J. I. Jondiko
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- Journal:
- Insect Science and Its Application / Volume 6 / Issue 4 / August 1985
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 September 2011, pp. 537-541
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- August 1985
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A new 6a-hydroxylated pterocarpan, named hildecarpin, has been isolated from the healthy roots of Tephrosia hildebrandtii. It has been assigned the structure (−)-3, 6a-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-8, 9-methylenedioxypterocarpan on the basis of its spectroscopie data, optical rotation and chemical transformations. Hildecarpin has exhibited insect antifeedant activity against the legume pod-borer Maruca testulalis, an important pest of the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and antifungal activity against Cladosporium cucumerinum. This finding suggests that the pterocarpan phytoalexins formed as a result of microbial infection of the cowpea plant may constitute a basis for induced resistance in the plant against M. testulalis.